Assorted extras

Learn how to distinguish between mutable and immutable objects in Python by understanding how each type handles changes to its internal state after creation.

Learn how to use augmented assignment operators in Python to efficiently update variable values, especially for simplifying operations within loops.

Learn how to convert between different Python data structures using the built-in list(), tuple() and set() functions and understand how these conversions affect properties like uniqueness and order.

Understand how in-place operations modify mutable objects directly in their current memory location without creating new objects, and see the consequences of assigning the result of such methods.

Learn how to use the input() function to receive user input as a string and correctly convert input values to numbers with int() or float() for arithmetic operations.

Learn how Python raises exceptions for runtime errors, how to use try-except blocks to prevent crashes, and why catching specific exception types results in safer and more reliable error handling.

Learn how Python matches exceptions in multiple except blocks based on their order and hierarchy, why specific exception types should appear before general ones, and how exceptions propagate up the call stack until handled.

Learn how binary, octal, and hexadecimal number systems work, how to convert between them and decimal, and how to use Python to represent and process numbers in these bases.

Learn how bitwise operators manipulate numbers at the level of individual bits using AND, OR, XOR, NOT and shift operations, and how these operations correspond to changes in binary representation and integer values.

Learn how Python decides the order in which operators are evaluated in expressions, distinguishing between operator precedence (when operators have different priorities) and binding or associativity (when operators have equal precedence), and correctly apply these rules to both unary and binary operators.